先看題目：Mining diamonds in Botswana
Botswana is the world’s largest producer of diamonds. Indeed, in 2015 diamonds accounted for a third of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of US$18 billion and for 80% of the country’s exports.
The country currently gets most of its income from mining and selling rough (uncut) diamonds. It receives only US$700 for a 1.5 carat rough diamond. The diamond is then cut, polished and finished, usually in other countries. India is the market leader in cutting and polishing diamonds. The cost of cutting and polishing diamonds in India is only a quarter of the cost in Botswana. The global average cost of finishing a 1.5 carat diamond is US$8000. The diamond is sold to the
customer with a 25% profit margin.
Botswana is trying to develop industries connected with diamond mining, such as cutting, polishing and jewellery making including diamond rings. Fig. 1 shows how the global market for diamond rings changed in 2015.
The Botswanan Government has also encouraged the world’s largest diamond company to set up in Gaborone, the capital of Botswana. Some government ministers, however, are concerned that Botswana is too dependent on diamonds. They warn that there is a finite supply of diamonds and urge the government to encourage diversification.
As well as diamonds, the country has a number of other strengths. It has good infrastructure, a developed education system and free hospital treatment.
問題：
(a) Identify, using information from the extract, two reasons why a foreign diamond company may set up in Botswana. [2]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們從文中找出兩個外國鉆石公司在博茨瓦納成立公司的原因，總分2分，每個原因各1分。
2. 這道題比較簡單，只要找到2點即可得分。
參考答案：
Botswana has a large supply of diamonds (1mark) and there is good infrastructure. (1 mark)
(b) Explain two benefits that a country may gain from the presence of a foreign multinational company. [4]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們解釋兩點跨國公司在博茨瓦納創(chuàng)建公司對于博茨瓦納的好處。滿分4分，每點2分。
2. 注：是對于博茨瓦納這個國家的好處，不是對于跨國公司本身的好處，答題時切記不要搞混。
3. Explain題型稍難于Identify題型，除了要找對點，還要稍加解釋說明。
參考答案：
The output produced by foreign multinational companies will be counted in the country’s GDP.
(1mark)Hence,this may result in increased output and economic growth in the country. (1 mark)
Moreover, the country may benefit from higher rate of employment (1 mark) as the MNCs may hire
domestic workers for their production processes.
(1 mark)
(c) Calculate, using information from the extract:
(i) the value of diamonds produced in Botswana in 2015 [2]
(ii) the average price of a 1.5 carat diamond in 2015. [2]
題目分析：
1. 這道屬于計算題，第1題要我們計算2015年博茨瓦納鉆石生產(chǎn)總值，第2題要我們計算2015年1.5克拉鉆石的平均價格。
2. 讀完文章后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中沒有給出直接的答案，我們需要簡單地運算才能得到。
3. 運算過程必須要帶貨幣單位，本道題中的貨幣單位為US$
參考答案：
(i) Botswana’s GDP in 2015 = US$ 18 billion
Contribution from diamonds in GDP in 2015 = One third of the GDP
Value of diamonds in 2015= (1/3) x 18 billion = US$ 6 billion
(ii) Cost of 1.5 carat diamond in 2015= US$ 8000
Profit margin= 25%
Actual profit from 1.5 carat diamond= (25/100) x 8000
=US$ 2000
Average price = cost+ profit= US$ (8000+ 2000) = US$ 10000
(d) Analyse why a country could have lower production costs for a particular good than another country. [5]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們分析為什么有的國家在某樣產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中，相比其他國家，可以有較低的生產(chǎn)成本。相比前三道題，這道分值為5分的題難度較高
2. 這種題型，我們一般要答3個原因，并且要對每個原因進行分析才可以。
3. 答題過程中，要盡可能的結(jié)合題目背景進行分析。
參考答案：
A country may have lower production cost for a particular good than another country, if they have more availability of raw materials required, like Botswana has a large supply of diamonds compared to most countries. (1 mark) This allows them to acquire raw materials at a lower cost and hence, reduce cost of production. (1 mark)
Moreover, the country may have a more educated and skilled labour force (1 mark) resulting in increased worker efficiency which allows them to produce at a lower cost. (1 mark)
The government in certain countries may provide
subsidies for the production of that particular good.
(1mark) Furthermore, comparatively lower tax rates in a country may reduce cost of production. (1 mark)
(e) Discuss whether Botswana should mine all its diamonds and sell them as quickly as possible. [5]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們探討一下博茨瓦納是否應(yīng)該盡快把所有的鉆石開采出來。
2. 這種Discuss題型的答題方法為：應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該的理由都需要進行探討，最后還需要總結(jié)以下兩種觀點
參考答案：
Several factors may determine whether or not Botswana should mine all its diamonds and sell them as quickly as possible.
應(yīng)該盡快開采的原因：
It may be beneficial for Botswana to do so as it will create employment and result in an increase in income – hence, higher living standards for people in the country. Increased output may result in increased GDP and lead to economic growth in the short run. Furthermore, increased exports of these diamonds may cause an improvement in the balance of payment situation in Botswana. (Up to 3 marks)
不應(yīng)該盡快開采的原因：
However, it may lead to the fast depletion of diamonds as it is a finite resource and hence, economic growth may not be sustained. Moreover, global demand may be much higher in the future than in present, which means Botswana would be able to earn higher returns if they sold it later. Furthermore, mining all its diamonds will increase supply which may lower prices of diamonds and reduce the revenue earned by producers.
(Up to 3 marks)
總結(jié)：
Therefore, generally, extensive output may usually have more benefits in the short run but drawbacks in the long run as the benefits cannot be sustained.
(f) Explain, using information from the extract and Fig. 1, what happened to the market for diamond rings in 2015. [4]
題目分析：
1. 結(jié)合題目和圖表中的信息來解釋一下2015年的鉆戒市場發(fā)生了什么
2. 如果僅僅看圖表，我們可以看出對鉆戒的需求demand上升，導致價格上漲，但如果答題只答到了這條信息，最多只能得兩分。
3. 想拿到另外2分，我們還需要進一步進行分析，需求上升價格上漲會對鉆戒市場有什么影響。
參考答案：
Fig 1 illustrates that the demand for diamonds rose from D to D1, (1 mark) pushing up prices from P to P1.
(1 mark)
Producers may use increased revenue from higher demand (1 mark) to extend quantity supplied. (1 mark)
Both the demand and supply are inelastic. (2 marks)
(g) Discuss the economic arguments for and against providing free hospital treatment to patients. [6]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們探討一下是否應(yīng)該為病人提供免費醫(yī)療。
2. Discuss題型的答題思路基本類似，跟e題類似，我們要分析提供免費醫(yī)療的利弊，最后要需要總結(jié)一下。
參考答案：
Providing free treatment to patients may have both economic benefits and drawbacks.
提供免費醫(yī)療的好處：
It may be beneficial as it may lead to increased health of people and increase living standard in the economy. Life expectancy of the country may go up. Poor people receiving free health care may result in a decrease in poverty. Moreover, it may have other external benefits, for example, better access to health care may improve labour productivity and contribute to economic growth.
(Up to 4 mark)
提供免費醫(yī)療的弊端：
On the otherhand, there may be drawbacks as well. Government spending on free hospital treatmentsmay have opportunity cost and other significant sectors such as education and infrastructure may be deprived.
Furthermore, increased government spending may result in a rise in aggregate demand in economy which may cause demand-pull inflation. Moreover, as it is produced by the public sector, lack of competition and profit motive may result in poor quality health care and hence, it may not be beneficial. (Up to 4 mark)
總結(jié)：
Hence,governments must consider all these factors before providing free hospital treatments
Section 2
先讀題目：
In 2015 some German commercial banks reduced their already very low interest rates on deposit accounts. The German Government was hoping that such a change would encourage more Germans to buy shares in German firms. The ability of German firms to buy capital goods would be increased if they could sell more shares or borrow more from commercial banks.
(a) Identify two ways a commercial bank differs from a central bank. [2]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們從文中找出商業(yè)銀行和中央銀行的兩點區(qū)別
2. 這道題比較簡單，只要找到2點區(qū)別即可得分。
參考答案：
Commercial banks are privately owned whereas central banks are government owned. (1 mark)
Moreover, countries may have many commercial banks but they only have one centre bank. (1 mark)
(b) Explain the connection between opportunity cost and the purchase of shares. [4]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們解釋機會成本和購買股票之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。
2. 這道題的答題思路：首先我們需要解釋一下機會成本的定義，然后再解釋一下購買股票會產(chǎn)生什么樣的機會成本。
參考答案：
Opportunity cost is the next best (1 mark) alternative
forgone. (1mark) The opportunity cost of buying shares may be using the money for other purposes. For example, money may be put in banks for savings. (2 marks)
(c) Analyse how a fall in the rate of interest may affect a country’s exchange rate. [6]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們分析一下利率降低會如何影響匯率
2. 這道題6分題，我們可以從2-3方面去進行分析，每個點的分析可以拿到2-3分。下邊這份參考答案是通過2點來進行分析，每點3分。
參考答案：
A fall in interest rate may make loans cheaper and therefore, encourage spending along with demand for imports. (1 mark) Increased import spending may increase the supply of domestic currency (1 mark) in the market, causing its value to fall. (1 mark)
Moreover, falling returns from saving due to lower interest rate may discourage foreigners from putting money in the country's bank. (1 mark) People of the country may decide to put money in foreign banks and in crease demand of those currencies. (1 mark)
This may reduce demand for the domestic currency and cause its price to fall. (1mark)
(d) Discuss whether an increase in spending on capital goods will help to achieve the aims of government policies. [8]
題目分析：
1. 題目要我們探討一下購買capital goods的數(shù)量增加，能否有利于實現(xiàn)政府的政策目標。
2. 答題思路：政府的政策目標無非就是實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟增長、降低失業(yè)率、穩(wěn)定物價（inflation）等等。那么，購買更多的capital goods跟這些目標有什么關(guān)系呢？是否有利于實現(xiàn)政府的政策目標呢？
3. 凡是需要Discuss的題型答法都是一樣的，我們要從正反兩個方面去進行論證，最后再總結(jié)一下。具體我們來看看這道題的參考答案。
參考答案：
Increased spending on capital goods may or may not help to achieve the aims of government policy depending on several factors.
有利于實現(xiàn)政府的政策目標的理由
Increased spending on capital goods may increase efficiency of the production process and hence, increase productive capacity of the economy. This may lead to an out ward shift of the PPC and result in potential economic growth. Moreover, increas ed spending may be done to improve technology and reduce cost of production. Products may be of better quality and sold at lower prices for which international demand for it may go up. Rising export demand may improve the balance of payment situation of the economy. With the growing export market, more workers may be employed and hence, reducing the unemployment problem in economy. (Up to 5 marks)
不利于實現(xiàn)政府的政策目標的理由
However, they may contradict some government aims. Increased government spending on capital goods in the short run may increase aggregate demand, causing demand-pull inflation. Moreover, improved capital may be more efficient than labour. They may replace labour and result in unemployment in the economy. Furthermore, the capital goods may not actually be used, which means the output would remain unchanged. (Up to 5marks)
總結(jié)
Hence government have to consider all these factors and prioritise aims before taking the decision to increase spending on capital goods.
